本文为博主自学旁遮普语期间整理的笔记,如有错误欢迎指正!
古木基文字母表 | ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ ਵਰਣਮਾਲਾ (ਪੈਂਤੀ)
概述
古木基文属于元音附标文字(akshara,恶察那),常用于书写旁遮普语。
现代古木基文有35个基础字母,因此又被称作“ਪੈਂਤੀ” (paintee,三十五)。
ੳ ਅ ੲ ਸ ਹ
u a i s h
ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ
k kh g gh ng
ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ
ch chh j jh nj
ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ
tt tth dd ddh nn
ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ
t th d dh n
ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ
p ph b bh m
ਯ ਰ ਲ ਵ ੜ
y r l v rr
此外,古木基文还有6个由基础辅音字母和“ਬਿੰਦੀ ”(bindee,点)组合而成的补充辅音字母(ਨਵੀਨ ਟੋਲੀ, naveen tolee,新组),常用于外来语。
ਸ਼ ਖ਼ ਗ਼ ਜ਼ ਫ਼ ਲ਼
sh kh g z f ll
在古木基文中,表示变音的符号应该标注在字母周围。它们有:
- 用于组成辅音簇或标记声调的下标符号
੍ਰ ੍ਵ ੍ਹ
r v 升调
- 元音变音符号
若无元音变音符号,则默认辅音或辅音簇后为ਅ(发中央元音ə音:恩【ēn】,bazaar,облако )
ਾ
a
ਿ ੀ
i ee
ੁ ੂ
u uu
ੇ ੈ
e ai
ੋ ੌ
o au
- 其它标志
ੱ (ਅੱਧਕ) - 后面的辅音变成双辅音
ੰ (ਟਿੱਪੀ) - 下面的短元音或长音uu鼻化
ਂ (ਬਿੰਦੀ) - 下面的长元音(不包括uu)鼻化
字母名称及发音
名称 | 字母/符号 | 发音 |
---|---|---|
ūṛā | ੳ | - |
ਔਂਕੜ, auṅkaṛ | ੁ | ʊ,工【gong】, мужчина, foot |
ਦੁਲੈਂਕੜ, dulaiṅkaṛ | ੂ | uː, goose |
ਹੋੜਾ, hoṛā | ਓ, ੋ | oː, (英音)yawn |
aiṛā | ਅ | ə, 恩【ēn】,bazaar,облако |
ਕੰਨਾ, kannā | ਾ | aː~ äː, car |
ਦੁਲਾਵਾਂ, dulāvā̃ | ੈ | ɛː~əɪ, rap |
ਕਨੌੜਾ, kanauṛā | ੌ | ɔː~ əʊ, off |
īṛī | ੲ | - |
ਸਿਹਾਰੀ, siā̀rī | ਿ | ɪ, лиса, часы |
ਬਿਹਾਰੀ, biā̀rī | ੀ | iː, fleece, pedigree |
ਲਾਂ/ਲਾਵਾਂ, lā̃/lāvā̃ | ੇ | eː, Chile |
sassā | ਸ | s,色【se】 |
sasse pair bindii | ਸ਼ | ʃ, shy |
hāhā | ਹ | ɦ, (吴语)闲话【reraû】 |
pairī̃ hāhā | ੍ਹ | - |
kakkā | ਕ | k, 高【gao】 |
khakkhā | ਖ | kʰ, 克【ke】 |
khakkhe pair bindī | ਖ਼ | x, 河【he】 |
gaggā | ਗ | ɡ, голова |
gagge pair bindī | ਗ਼ | ɣ, 洛阳话中零声母拼开口呼韵母时的浊擦音 |
kàggā | ਘ | kə̀ |
ṅaṅṅā | ਙ | ŋ, 应【ying】 |
caccā | ਚ | t͡ʃ, beach |
chacchā | ਛ | t͡ʃʰ,送气更强的t͡ʃ |
jajjā | ਜ | d͡ʒ, gene |
jajje pair bindī | ਜ਼ | z, zoo |
càjjā | ਝ | t͡ʃə̀, 更强的bridge |
ñaññā | ਞ | ɲ, (吴语)牛肉【gnioegnioq】 |
ṭaiṅkā | ਟ | ʈ, train舌头靠后,舌底贴硬腭,少送气 |
ṭhaṭṭhā | ਠ | ʈʰ, ʈ送气更强 |
ḍaḍḍā | ਡ | ɖ, drum舌头靠后,舌底贴硬腭,少送气 |
ṭàḍḍā | ਢ | ʈə̀, ɖ送气更强 |
nāṇā | ਣ | ɳ, 卷舌鼻音,舌头靠后,舌底贴硬腭 |
tattā | ਤ | t̪, 清齿塞音,不送气,(日语)特别【と(to)くべつ】 |
thatthā | ਥ | t̪ʰ, t̪送气,thermos强送气 |
daddā | ਦ | d̪, два |
tàddā | ਧ | t̪ə̀, d̪强送气 |
nannā | ਨ | n, наш |
pappā | ਪ | p, spin少送气,ポ(po)スト |
phapphā | ਫ | pʰ, pack |
phapphe pair bindī | ਫ਼ | f, 飞【fei】 |
babbā | ਬ | b, рыба |
pàbbā | ਭ | pə̀, club-house读快些 |
mammā | ਮ | m, 猫【mao】 |
yayyā | ਯ | j, 鸭【ya】,(粤语)吔屎【jaa1si2】 |
rārā | ਰ | ɾ, मेरा【mera】~r, rye |
pairī̃ rārā | ੍ਰ | ɾə |
lallā | ਲ | l, 蓝【lan】 |
lalle pair bindī | ਲ਼ | ɭ, 卷舌边近音,舌尖卷的l |
vāvā | ਵ | ʋ~w, 下唇按上齿 |
pairī̃ vāvā | ੍ਵ | ʊ, 红【hong】 |
ṛāṛā | ੜ | ɽ, 卷舌闪音, ruse |
名称 | 字母/符号 | 发音 |
一个可在Processing (Java) 中运行的转写程序
// 古木基字母与拉丁字母映射
String[] gurmukhi = {"ੴ", "ਅ", "ਆ", "ਇ", "ਈ", "ਉ", "ਊ", "ਏ", "ਐ", "ਓ", "ਔ", "ਕ", "ਖ", "ਖ਼","ਗ", "ਗ਼","ਘ", "ਙ", "ਚ", "ਛ", "ਜ","ਜ਼", "ਝ", "ਞ", "ਟ", "ਠ", "ਡ", "ਢ", "ਣ", "ਤ", "ਥ", "ਦ", "ਧ", "ਨ", "ਪ", "ਫ", "ਬ", "ਭ", "ਮ", "ਯ", "ਰ","ੜ", "ਲ", "ਵ", "ਸ਼", "ਸ", "ਹ", "ਲ਼", "ਅੰ", "ਫ਼","ੈ", "ੁ","ੂ","ੀ","ਿ","ਾ","ੇ","ੋ","ੌ"};
String[] latin = {"ik", "a", "aa", "i", "ee", "u", "oo", "ae", "ai", "o", "au", "k", "kh","khh", "g", "ghh","gh", "ng", "ch", "chh", "j", "z","jh", "ny", "tt", "tth", "dd", "ddh", "nn", "t", "th", "d", "dh", "n", "p", "ph", "b", "bh", "m", "y", "r","rr", "l", "v", "sh", "s", "h", "ll", "n", "f","ai","u","uu","ee","i","aa","e","o","au"};
PFont pbFont, ltFont;
// 找到古木基字母对应的拉丁字母
String transliterate(String gurmukhiText) {
String latinText = "";
for (int i = 0; i < gurmukhiText.length(); i++) {
String currentChar = gurmukhiText.substring(i, i+1);
int index = indexOf(gurmukhi, currentChar);
if (index != -1) {
latinText += latin[index];
} else {
latinText += currentChar;
}
}
return latinText;
}
// 找到字符在数组中的位置
int indexOf(String[] array, String item) {
for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
if (array[i].equals(item)) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
}
void setup() {
size(400, 400);
background(255);
pbFont = createFont("Magaz Light", 24);
textAlign(LEFT, CENTER);
ltFont = createFont("MTR Sung", 24);
fill(0);
String gurmukhiText = "ਇਹ ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ ਟੈਕਸਟ ਹੈ।";
String latinText = transliterate(gurmukhiText);
textFont(pbFont);
text(gurmukhiText, 30, height/3);
textFont(ltFont);
text(latinText, 30, height/3 + 40);
}
void draw() {
}